What is Manganese ion?
Hot springs containing manganese ion (Mn²⁺) at ≥ 10 mg/kg are rare in Japan. This trace element keeps the stratum corneum supple and supports the skin's antioxidant defense.
Main Effects
- Keeps the stratum corneum suppleManganese is a trace element that supports the metabolic processes of keratinocytes, the cells that form the skin's outer layer. This action may help refine skin texture and maintain the natural flexibility of the stratum corneum.
- Antioxidant action as an SOD cofactorManganese is known as a cofactor for superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that neutralizes harmful free radicals, and is said to be one of the components that help keep skin healthy.
- Found in very few hot springs nationwideAccording to Japan's Ministry of the Environment guidelines, a spring must contain at least 10 mg/kg of manganese ions (Mn²⁺) to be officially recognized for this component. Hot springs that meet this standard are exceptionally rare across the country.
Manganese ion Top 5 Hot Springs
Top 5 hot springs registered on this site with the highest content.
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